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$B;22C
1. Outline and History
2. Research Fields
$B!!!!(BFigure 2 shows a survey of the main research fields of the MPIM
from a vie wgraph of a lecture given in 1995 by Prof.G.Petzow,director
of the Laboratory for Ceramics at MPIM.Somehow typical for fundamental
research,materials theory is at the center focus,surrounded by the three
main fields of materials synth esis (constitution and thermodynamics),characterization
(chemistry and structu re on the atomic scale) and properties (in relation
to microstructure and chem ical composition).The outer circle of more special
research topics represents those of current (and future) directors at the
MPIM.
3. Examples of Research Work
4. Outlook to Future Developments
Fig. 1 The buildings of the two Max-Planck-Institutes in Stuttgart-Buesnau
(19 75): (a)MPI fu$B!z(Br Festko$B!z(Brperforschung (solid state research); (b)
and c) bel ong to MPI fu$B!z(Br Metallforschung,Inst.f.Physik (b) and Pulvermetallurgisches
L abor (c),and common facilities are: (d) Lecture Hall; (e) Library and
Cafeteri a; (f) Electron microscopes.(From Zeitschrift fu$B!z(Br Metallkunde,87,822(1996)
w ith permission).(The main part of the Inst.fu$B!z(Br Werkstoffwissenschaft
(materi als science) of the MPI fu$B!z(Br Metallforschung is still on its original
site in the city and not shown here).
Fig. 2 Research fields of the MPI fu$B!z(Br Metallforschung (courtesy of
Prof.G.Pe tzow)
Fig. 3 Grain boundary segregation diagram for P, C, Si in alpha-Fe showing
the segregation enthalpy as a function of the boundary tilt angle around
the [100 ] axis and the solid solubility parameter$B!](B[TlnX$B!v(B]max.
$B!v(B)About the author: Before being appointed to ?Director of Special
Research ? at the National Research Institute for Metals in Tsukuba,Japan,in
1996,the author was leader of the group on ?Applied Surface and Interface
Analysis? a t the Max-Planck- Institut fu$B!z(Br Metallforschung in Stuttgart,Germany.He
is ad junct Professor of Physics at the University of Hohenheim near Stuttgart.
Correspondence: Prof.Siegfried Hofmann,National Research Institute for
Metals ,Tsukuba,305 Japan.Phone: (0298)-59-2802; e-mail sieghonrim.go.jp
$B"#F|K\(BMRS$B6(;?$N8&5f2qEy(B
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Tel0474(69)5457$B!"(BFax0474(67)9683$B!"(B
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Japan 1003
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Russia 5
Saudi Arabia 1
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Robert Moerkerke (Belgium)
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Toko Arai (Japan)
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Takako Nakamura (Japan)
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Fan Wei (China)
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Masato Yoshiya (Japan)
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Kazuyuki Kumeda (Japan)
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Wojciech Suchanek (Japan)
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$B!!(B N6.7
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Yutaka Wakayama (Japan)
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$B!!(B O3.14
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The Max-Planck-Institut fu$B!z(Br Metallforschung in Stuttgart, Germany
???? a brief presentation ????
Director of Special Research, National Research Institute for Metals,
Prof. Si egfried Hofmann
$B!!!!(BThe Max-Planck-Society for the promotion of sciences (Max-Planck-Gesellsch
aft (MPG) zur Fo$B!z(Brderung der Wissenschaften) was created in 1947 in Go$B!z(Btting
en as the legal successor of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft which was
founded in 1911 and dissolved in 1946 after the end of the second world
war.The basic princip les of the non-profit research organization have
been retained,including the c reation of a research institute around an
eminent scientist and to give him/he r as much freedom as possible for
research.Basic funding is by about 90% given by the federal and state governments
without having direct influence on resea rch topics.Today,the Max-Planck
Society,with a total staff of about 11,000 emp loyees (3,000 of them are
scientists),operates 75 institutes which cover almos t any branch of sciences$B!](Bincluding
humanities$B!](Bwith emphasis on fundamental r esearch.Usually,the institutes
are run by a board of directors (with a managin g director position rotating
with a 2-3 years period).The directors are appoin ted to so-called scientific
members of the MPG by the self-administration body .In addition to the
staff employees there are about 5,500 temporary guest rese archers,almost
half of the number are from foreign countries.
$B!!!!(BThe ?Max-Planck-Institut fu$B!z(Br Metallforschung? (MPI for Metals
Research ) is one of the oldest institutes of the MPG,first founded in
1921 in Berlin w ith the name of ?Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (KWI) fu$B!z(Br
Metallforschung.? Close d in 1933 as a result of the economic depression
it was reopened in 1934 near the city center of Stuttgart.After having
been destroyed by air raids during t he second world war,it was quickly
rebuilt thereafter and had its first main e xtension in 1959 when the building
of the ?Institut fu$B!z(Br Sondermetalle? (In stitute for Special Metals")
was opened with Prof.Erich Gebhardt as its direct or.Under his leadership,this
part of the MPI fu$B!z(Br Metallforschung,which focus ed its research activities
on nuclear reactor and refractory metals and their reactions with gases
(?gases in metals?),created several highly specialized laboratories,e.g.the
?Laboratory for High Purity Metals? in 1967,and the ?Powdermetallurgy
Labor atory? in 1968,which was the nucleus of the ?Laboratory for Ceramics
Researc h?,the largest of its kind in Germany.
$B!!!!(BDepending on the appointment of new directors,the Max-Planck-Institut
fu$B!z(B r Metallforschung had some change and renaming of subdivisions (?institutes?
).From 1973 to 1996 the two autonomous parts were the ?Institut fu$B!z(Br
Wekstof fwissenschaft? and the ?Institut fu$B!z(Br Physik? which were unified
in 1997,a nd these names were abolished.
$B!!!!(BOn the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the Max-Planck-Institut
fu$B!z(Br M etallforschung in 1996,an excellent historical review by Prof.Manfred
Ru$B!z(Bhle, the present Executive Managing Director,appeared in the ?Zeitschrift
fu$B!z(Br Me tallkunde?(vol.87,816-826,1996).
$B!!!!(BFigure 1 shows the building complex of major parts of the MPI fu$B!z(Br
Metall forschung (MPIM) (Inst.f.Physik and Pulvermetallurgisches Labor
of the Inst.f. Werkstoff- wissenschaft) together with its sister institute,the
Max-Planck-Ins titut fu$B!z(Br Festko$B!z(Brperforschung (solid state research,founded
in 1969).
$B!!!!(BToday,the MPIM has 230 permanent employees,of which 70 are scientists.In
a ddition,there are about 30 contract researchers,70 guest researchers
(postdocs ,fellowships,most from other countries),and about 100 doctorate
students.The p resent six directors are at the same time professors at
the University of Stut tgart.
$B!!!!(BThe main fields of research include the following topics:
$B#1!%(BStructure and bonding in the solid state
$B#2!%(BConstitution and thermodynamics of alloys
$B#3!%(BMetallography
$B#4!%(BHigh-Purity Materials; preparation,characterization and properties
$B#5!%(BInteraction of metals with gas atmosphere
$B#6!%(BSurfaces and interfaces
$B#7!%(BRadiation damage and lattice defects
$B#8!%(BSolidification,phase transformation and precipitation processes
$B#9!%(BAmorphous and molten metals and alloys
10$B!%(BMechanical properties
11$B!%(BMicrostructure mechanics
12$B!%(BMetallic high-performance materials
13$B!%(BPowder metallurgy and ceramics
14$B!%(BCeramic high-performance materials
15$B!%(BComposite materials
16$B!%(BTransmission electron microscopy studies of materials
17$B!%(BMicromaterials and electronic materials
$B!!!!(BWithin the major fields,the most important themes include the following:
$B!!!!(BIn the field ?Materials Synthesis,Constitution and Thermodynamics?
a lar ge amount of work is done on thermodynamic determination of phase
equilibria,i n multinary systems,thermodynamics of ordered and metastable
phases,computer c alculation of phase diagrams,preparation of high purity
and doped metals and a lloys,preparation of single crystals,foils,powders
and thin films by means of zone melting,electrolysis,evaporation and sputtering
in UHV.
$B!!!!(BRapid solidification and amorphous materials,mechanical alloying,superallo
ys,oxide-dispersion -strengthened (ODS) alloys and intermetallics are studied.
Powder metallurgy,sintering mechanisms,structure of tungsten-based heavy
metal s and of beryllium and its alloys,SmCo and NdFe-based hard magnetic
materials, ceramic materials such as aluminium and silicon nitride,and
ceramic high-Tc su perconductors are among the materials most extensively
subjected to the evalua tion of structure-property- relationships.
$B!!!!(BIn the field ?Characterization?,chemistry and microstructure,their
inter dependence and effect on certain properties are studied on the atomic
scale.Re action kinetics of metals with gases and with carbon(H,N,O,C),thermodynamics
a nd constitution of the binary and ternary systems as well as sulfidation
and o xidation were extensively studied since the mid sixties.
$B!!!!(BSurfaces and interfaces,particularly segregation and distribution
of forei gn atoms and their quantitative analysis by electron spectroscopy
(AES,XPS) an d depth profiling by ion sputtering are major topics.For example,these
methods are used to disclose the monolayer chemistry of passivated alloys
in corrosio n studies and of oxidation layers formed at high and low temperatures.Structur
e of grain and phase boundaries in metals,ceramics and metal-ceramic composite
s are studied with high resolution transmission electron microscopy.Determinat
ion of local chemical composition is done by analytical electron microscopy.
$B!!!!(BRadiation damage and lattice defects causing anelastic or magnetic
relaxat ion,internal friction as well as stress induced phase transformation,continuou
s and discontinuous precipitation,and diffusion-induced grain boundary
migrati on are other important topics.
$B!!!!(BThe field ?Properties with Relation to Microstructure and Chemistry?
inc ludes fundamental studies on plastic deformation of bcc and hcp metals.Strengt
h,deformation and fracture are studied by tensile strength,fatigue and
creep e xperiments,completed by lifetime prediction and computational analysis
of mech anical properties,e.g.,by finite element methods.Correlation between
microstru cture and composition of layered and particulate composites and
of hard coatin gs,analysis of internal stresses and microcracking in ceramics
are further top ics studied.
$B!!!!(BAlthough it is impossible here to present specific research activities
of the MPIM in detail (abstracts of papers and research reports in English
are co mpiled in the yellow A5-size volumes ?Mitteilungen aus dem Max-Planck-
Instit ut fu $B!z(Br Metallforschung?),a few brief examples of the field of
surface and interf ace research,which is one of the key issues in advanced
materials science and technology,will illustrate the activities:
$B!!!!(BStarting in 1972 with the first Auger electron spectrometer in
a materials science institute in Germany,the group on Applied Surface and
Interface Analy sis in the Laboratory of High Purity Metals of the MPIM
has since then,in clos e cooperation with researchers from many countries,considerably
contributed to understanding the microchemical behaviour of surfaces and
interfaces on the n anometer scale,mainly by applying Auger- and photoelectron
spectroscopies (AES and XPS).Already in 1974,a characteristic,Mg or Al
containing oxide phase of about 3 nm thickness at the grain boundaries
of hot pressed Si3N4 was determin ed by in-situ grain boundary fracture
studies with AES.Ten years later,the res ults were confirmed in much more
detailed studies with high resolution and ana lytical transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). Studies of thermodynamics and kinetics of surface segregation(O
on Nb,Sn on Cu ,S on Cu,In(S) on Ni,B on Ni3Al) and grain boundary segregation
(Ni(Fe,O,C) in W,S in Ni,In in Ni,Si,P,C,in Fe,B in Ni3Al,Sb,S in Ni,Ni
in NiAl,Bi in Cu),ha ve led to the pacemaking method of using surface segregation
for quantitative determination of diffusion constants down to 10-22 ?/s,and
to a patent on cle aning of metal foils below the recrystallization temperature
by combining segr egation with sputter removal. $B!!!!(BAmong the main topics
covered by applied surface analysis are studies of a queous corrosion of
stainless steel and oxidation of Fe-Ni-Cr alloys,of Ni3Al and of nitride
coatings,interfacial reactions in layered thin film structures and basic
work on high resolution sputter depth profiling.
$B!!!!(BAs an example of research results on grain boundary segregation,Fig.3
show s the first experimental grain boundary diagram,obtained in 1992 for
Fe- 3.5 a t% Si bicrystals with low content of phosphorus and carbon. To
determine the g rain boundary composition,the bicrystals were fractured
in an AES instrument a nd the generated fracture surfaces were analyzed.From
a study of some hundred samples with different grain boundary orientation
(symmetric tilt boundaries a round the [100] axis) and annealed at different
temperatures,a detailed pictur e of the segregation enthalpies of Si,P
and C in alpha-iron as a function of t he orientation of tilt boundaries
was obtained as shown in Fig.3. Together wit h the maximum solubility parameter,$B!](B[TlnX$B!v(B]max,
this diagram can be explaine d assuming the segregation enthalpy to be
a linear combination of a structural term (see the ?cusps? at certain
?special? orientations in Fig.3) and a c hemical term (described by the
maximum solubility).Further generalizations all ow a prediction of the
segregation enthalpy for other alpha-iron based systems as well as extrapolations
to the mechanical properties of specific boundaries .
$B!!!!(BAdvanced materials science and technology increasingly focuses
on new,comp lex materials with well-controlled,tailored properties. This
fact imposes a ch allenge to materials research in basic aspects of structure
and chemistry on t he atomic level,involving synthesis,characterization
and theoretical modeling. To meet these demands,the MPIM has concluded
to open new divisions,each heade d by a director,the topics of which correspond
to the outer circumference of F ig.2.Whereas solid state kinetics thermodynamics
and materials synthesis are s till the backbone of research on more complex
materials,covalent and ionic-bon ded materials (i.e.,ceramics) are of increasing
interest. Micromaterials in me soscopic dimensions close the gap between
macroscopic and nanostructured mater ials.
$B!!!!(BMore and more basic research will aim at understanding systems
far off the rmodynamic equilibrium,metastable systems and their behaviour.
$B!!!!(BMajor effort for basic research will certainly go for a better
theoretical understanding of the behaviour of atoms in solids,based on
applied quantum me chanics and improved mathematical methods.Collective
phenomena such as magneti sm and superconductivity will be more extensively
studied.The structure and co mposition of surfaces and interfaces,and any
other theoretical and experimenta l aspect of micro- and nanostructures
will be prevalent in future research act ivities.
$B!!!!(BOwing to the ongoing founding of new Max-Planck- Institutes in
the ?Neue La$B!z(Bnder?,i.e.,former East Germany,budget cuts are often severe
and require a n increase in research efficiency for compensation.In particular,the
managemen t system of the Max-Planck-Institutes is challenged to adapt
to a more advance d and efficient style and structure.In contrast to the
founding times of the K aiser-Wilhelm-Society 86 years ago,today nobody
is capable of really thoroughl y knowing a major part of science,and the
political conditions have changed to more democratic self-understanding
attitudes in society.Therefore,it is felt that the autocratic leadership
of an institute director should be replaced by more transparent management
mechanisms and by transfer of responsibilities to the senior researcher
level,i.e.,a middle level of independent researchers sho uld be created.This
would also reduce the well-known problems with ?leftover people? after
a director resigns or dies,and a related stagnant period of som etimes
more than three years before a new one is appointed.
$B!!!!(BAlthough international cooperation already is at a fairly high
level,it sh ould be further increased by intensified cooperation with research
institution s in other countries,notably by creating satellite laboratories
and internatio nal research groups.Making use of worldwide growing research
experiences of hi ghly qualified researchers will greatly enhance the high
level of creativity n eeded to achieve an optimum research output.
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